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In this essay, we address the intersection of trust and modularity in organization design. We argue that, while advanced digital technologies favor more modular organizational arrangements, contemporary trust scholarship has largely failed to adopt the network-based approach that is necessary to understand relationships in such settings. Addressing this void, the article introduces a framework that differentiates between and elaborates on within- and between-module trust dynamics. Our argument offers insights into the challenges and opportunities presented by modular designs, particularly regarding the concerns they raise surrounding trust pluralism and organizational coherence. The discussion extends to practical implications for organizational designers, suggesting strategies for navigating trust in modular organizations. We also point to recursive effects of trust on the emergence of modular structures. By advancing theoretical discussions on modularity and trust, our work serves as a foundation for future theoretical and empirical research aimed at refining the strategies organizations can employ to leverage modularity while fostering a trustworthy environment. 

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to elaborate the significance of safeguards in digital ecosystems and their role in generating trust among participants. This paper argues that the right mix and number of safeguards are crucial for an ecosystem’s growth and success. It offers ecosystem orchestrators concrete guidelines for how to implement and monitor safeguards. Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on both consulting experience and publicly available information on several digital ecosystems. FindingsThis research conceptualizes safeguards as precautionary mechanisms that mandate or promote desirable behavior in an effort to engender trust among ecosystem participants. Safeguards can take various forms, including passwords, escrow, user privacy controls, ratings and reviews and policies and contracts. Striking the right balance of safeguards – neither too few nor too many – is crucial for ecosystem orchestrators. This paper identifies the factors that determine the optimal mix of safeguards, including the power asymmetry between sellers and buyers, the sophistication of participants, the nature of transactions, the cost of negative outcomes and the cost-benefit tradeoff. Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to illuminate the relationship between safeguards and trust in the context of digital ecosystem. It is also one of the few attempts to provide managerial guidance for ecosystem designers trying to structure their platform for trust.